Forrest Gump

Forrest Gump
Film poster with an all-white background, and a park bench (facing away from the viewer) near the bottom. A man wearing a white suit is sitting on the right side of the bench and is looking to his left while resting his hands on both sides of him on the bench. A suitcase is sitting on the ground, and the man is wearing tennis shoes. At the top left of the image is the film's tagline and title, and at the bottom is the release date and production credits.
Theatrical release poster
Directed by Robert Zemeckis
Produced by Wendy Finerman
Steve Tisch
Charles Newirth
Written by Winston Groom
Screenplay by Eric Roth
Narrated by Tom Hanks
Starring Tom Hanks
Robin Wright Penn
Gary Sinise
Mykelti Williamson
Sally Field
Music by Alan Silvestri
Cinematography Don Burgess
Editing by Arthur Schmidt
Distributed by Paramount Pictures
Release date(s) July 6, 1994 (1994-07-06)
Running time 141 minutes
Country United States
Language English
Budget $55 million[1]
Gross revenue $677,387,716[1]

Forrest Gump is a 1994 American comedy-drama film based on the 1986 novel of the same name by Winston Groom. The film was directed by Robert Zemeckis, starring Tom Hanks, Robin Wright Penn, and Gary Sinise. The story depicts several decades in the life of Forrest Gump, a simple Alabama man who travels across the world, sometimes meeting historical figures, influencing popular culture, and experiencing firsthand historic events of the late 20th century.

The film differs substantially from Winston Groom's novel on which it was based. Filming took place in late 1993, mainly in Georgia, North Carolina and South Carolina. Extensive visual effects were used to incorporate the protagonist into archived footage and to develop other scenes. An extensive soundtrack was featured in the film, and its commercial release made it one of the top selling albums of all time.

Released in the United States on July 6, 1994, Forrest Gump was well received by critics and became a commercial success as the top grossing film in North America released that year. The film ended up earning over $677 million worldwide during its theatrical run. The film garnered multiple awards and nominations, including Academy Awards, Golden Globe Awards, People's Choice Awards, and Young Artist Awards, among others. Since the film's release, varying interpretations have been made of the film's protagonist and its political symbolism. In 1996, a themed restaurant opened based on the film, and has since expanded to multiple locations worldwide. The scene of Gump running across the country is often referred to when real life people attempt the feat. Although a screenplay was developed on Groom's second novel, as of 2010, no sequel has been officially greenlit.

Contents

Plot

Forrest Gump, sitting at a bus stop in Savannah, Georgia, watches as a white feather falls to his feet. Forrest picks up the feather and puts it in a book he is carrying, then begins to tell the story of his life to a woman who sits next to him. As his story progresses, the listeners at the bus stop change regularly throughout his narration, each showing a different attitude ranging from disbelief and indifference to great interest and fascination.

Although Forrest has well below average intelligence, his mother is able to get him into a public school. On his first day of school, he meets a girl named Jenny whose life at times is followed in parallel to Forrest's. Having discarded his leg braces, his ability to run incredibly fast gets him into college on a football scholarship. After his college graduation, he enlists in the army. There he makes friends with Bubba, who convinces him to enter the shrimping business with him when the Vietnam War is over. He also meets Jenny again, when he sees her in Playboy Magazine. He then goes to find her, and discovers that she is a stripper/musician working at a bar. Forrest and Bubba are sent to Vietnam, and after several months of patrolling with the 9th Infantry Division their platoon is attacked. Though Forrest rescues many of the men in his unit, Bubba is killed in action. Forrest is wounded during the battle, and is awarded the Medal of Honor for his heroism.

Forrest discovers an uncanny ability for ping-pong while in recovery for the bullet wound in his buttocks. He starts playing for the U.S. Army team, gaining popularity and rising to celebrity status. He eventually plays competitively against Chinese teams and wins against the Chinese. At an anti-war rally in Washington, D.C. Forrest reunites with Jenny, who has been living a hippie counterculture lifestyle while Forrest was away, and became engaged with another man.

Upon leaving military service and returning home, Forrest endorses a company that makes ping-pong paddles for a fee of $25,000. He uses the money to buy a shrimping boat and fulfill his wartime promise to Bubba. His commanding officer from Vietnam, Lieutenant Dan Taylor, joins him as first mate as a joking promise he made to Forrest. Initially Forrest has little success, but after finding his is the only surviving boat in the area after Hurricane Carmen hits the Gulf states, he begins to pull in huge amounts of shrimp. He buys an entire fleet of shrimp boats, and "Bubba-Gump" shrimp becomes a household name. He returns home when his mother falls ill; she dies soon after. Lt. Dan takes over operations of the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company and invests the earnings in Apple Computer and Forrest, Dan and Bubba's families are financially secure for the rest of their lives.

One day, Jenny returns to visit Forrest, and after some time he proposes marriage to her. She declines, though feels obliged to prove her love to him by sleeping with him. She leaves early the next morning. On a whim, Forrest elects to go for a run. Seemingly capriciously, he decides to keep running across the country several times, over some three and a half years, becoming famous again.

In the present day, 1981, Forrest reveals that he is waiting at the bus stop because he received a letter from Jenny who, having seen him run on television, asks him to visit her. Once he is reunited with Jenny, Forrest discovers she has a young son, also named Forrest, of whom Forrest is said to be the father. Jenny tells Forrest she is suffering from an unknown virus which has no known cure (speculated to be AIDS, but not proven), that she will soon die of. Together the three move back to Greenbow, Alabama where Jenny and Forrest finally marry. Jenny dies soon afterward, leaving their son in Forrest's care. He talks to Jenny's grave and tells her how well their son is doing in school. On his son's first day of school, Forrest sits with him at the school bus stop. Opening the book his son is taking to school, the feather Forrest put there falls out. As the bus pulls away, he watches as the feather is caught by a breeze and drifts skyward.

Cast

A man is at the center of the image smiling into the camera. He is sitting on a blue crate and has his hands resting on his legs.
Hanks on the film set in 1993
A man is at the center of the image looking at the camera. He is dressed in Vietnam-era military attire including a vest and helmet. He has a cigarette sitting on his lips and is wearing a backpack.
Sinise on the film set in 1993

Production

Script

"The writer, Eric Roth, departed substantially from the book. We flipped the two elements of the book, making the love story primary and the fantastic adventures secondary. Also, the book was cynical and colder than the movie. In the movie, Gump is a completely decent character, always true to his word. He has no agenda and no opinion about anything except Jenny, his mother and God."

—director Robert Zemeckis[12]

The film is based on the 1986 novel by Winston Groom. Both center around the character of Forrest Gump. However, the film primarily focuses on the first eleven chapters of the novel, before skipping ahead to the end of the novel with the founding of Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. and the meeting with Forrest, Jr. In addition to skipping some parts of the novel, the film adds several aspects to Gump's life that do not occur in the novel, such as his needing leg braces as a child and his run across the country.[13]

Gump's core character and personality are also changed from the novel; among other things he is an autistic savant—while playing football at the university, he fails craft and gym, but receives a perfect score in an advanced physics class he was enrolled in by his coach to satisfy his college requirements.[13] The novel also featured Gump as an astronaut, a professional wrestler, and chess player.[13]

Two directors were offered the opportunity to direct the film before Bob Zemeckis was selected. Terry Gilliam turned down the offer to direct.[14] Barry Sonnenfeld was attached to the film but left to direct Addams Family Values.[15]

Filming

Filming began in August 1993 and ended four months later in December.[16] Although the majority of the film is set in Alabama, filming took place mainly in Beaufort, South Carolina, as well as parts of North Carolina.[4] The Gump family home set was built in Savannah, Georgia and the nearby land was used to film Curran's home as well as some of the Vietnam scenes.[17] Over 20 palm trees were planted to improve the Vietnam scenes.[17] Forrest Gump narrated his life's story in Chippewa Square as he sat at a bus stop bench.[17]

Visual effects

Black-and-white film screenshot showing the main character on the left looking towards another man, President Kennedy, on the right. Kennedy is smiling and looking to his left. In the background several men are looking in different directions and one is aiming a camera.
Gump with President John F. Kennedy. A variety of visual effects were used to incorporate Tom Hanks into archive footage with various historical figures and events.

Ken Ralston and his team at Industrial Light & Magic were responsible for the film's visual effects. Using CGI techniques, it was possible to depict Gump meeting now deceased presidents and shaking their hands. Hanks was first shot against a blue screen along with reference markers so that he could line up with the archive footage.[18] To record the voices of the historical figures, voice doubles were hired and special effects were used to alter the mouth movements for the new dialog.[12] Archival footage was used and with the help of techniques like chroma key, warping, morphing, and rotoscoping, Hanks was integrated into it.

In one Vietnam War scene, Gump carries a wounded Bubba away from an incoming napalm attack. To create the effect, stunt actors were initially used for compositing purposes. Then Hanks and Williamson were filmed, with Williamson supported by a cable wire as Hanks ran with him. The explosion was then filmed, and the actors were digitally added to appear just in front of the explosions. The jet fighters and napalm canisters were also added by CGI.[19]

The CGI removal of actor Gary Sinise's legs, after his character had them amputated, was achieved by wrapping his legs with a blue fabric, which later facilitated the work of the "roto-paint"-team to paint out his legs from every single frame. At one point, while hoisting himself into his wheelchair, his legs are used for support.[20]

The scene where Forrest spots Jenny at a peace rally at the Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool in Washington, D.C., required visual effects to create the large crowd of people. Over two days of filming, approximately 1,500 extras were used.[21] At each successive take, the extras were rearranged and moved into a different quadrant away from the camera. With the help of computers, the extras were multiplied to create a crowd of several hundred thousand people.[4][21]

Release

Critical reception

The film has received mostly positive reviews. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 70% of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 53 reviews, with an average score of 6.9/10.[22] At the website Metacritic, which utilizes a normalized rating system, the film earned a favorable rating of 82/100 based on 19 reviews by mainstream critics.[23]

The story was commended by several critics. Roger Ebert of Chicago Sun-Times wrote, "I've never met anyone like Forrest Gump in a movie before, and for that matter I've never seen a movie quite like Forrest Gump. Any attempt to describe him will risk making the movie seem more conventional than it is, but let me try. It's a comedy, I guess. Or maybe a drama. Or a dream...The screenplay by Eric Roth has the complexity of modern fiction...[Hanks'] performance is a breathtaking balancing act between comedy and sadness, in a story rich in big laughs and quiet truths....what a magical movie."[24] Todd McCarthy of Variety wrote that the film "...has been very well worked out on all levels, and manages the difficult feat of being an intimate, even delicate tale played with an appealingly light touch against an epic backdrop."[25] In addition, the film received notable pans from several major reviewers. Anthony Lane of The New Yorker called the film "Warm, wise, and wearisome as hell."[26] Owen Gordinier of Entertainment Weekly said that the film "...reduces the tumult of the last few decades to a virtual-reality theme park: a baby-boomer version of Disney's America."[27]

Critics had mixed views on the main character. Gump has been compared to various characters and people including Huckleberry Finn, Bill Clinton, and Ronald Reagan, among others.[28][29][30] Peter Chomo writes that Gump acts as a "...social mediator and as an agent of redemption in divided times".[31] Peter Travers of Rolling Stone called Gump "...everything we admire in the American character — honest, brave, loyal...".[32] The New York Times reviewer Janet Maslin called Gump a "...hollow man..." who is "...self-congratulatory in his blissful ignorance, warmly embraced as the embodiment of absolutely nothing."[33] Marc Vincenti of Palo Alto Weekly called the character "...a pitiful stooge taking the pie of life in the face, thoughtfully licking his fingers."[34]

The film is commonly seen as a polarizing one for audiences, with Entertainment Weekly writing in 2004, "Nearly a decade after it earned gazillions and swept the Oscars, Robert Zemeckis's ode to 20th-century America still represents one of cinema's most clearly drawn lines in the sand. One half of folks see it as an artificial piece of pop melodrama, while everyone else raves that it's sweet as a box of chocolates."[35]

Box office performance

Produced on a budget of $55 million, Forrest Gump opened in 1,595 theaters in its first weekend of domestic release, earning $24,450,602.[1] Motion picture business consultant and screenwriter Jeffrey Hilton suggested to producer Wendy Finerman to double the P&A (film marketing budget) based on his viewing of an early print of the film. The budget was immediately upped, per his advice. The film placed first in the weekend's box office, narrowly beating The Lion King, which was in its fourth week of release.[1] For the first ten weeks of its release, the film held the number one position at the box office.[36] The film remained in theaters for 42 weeks, earning $329.7 million in the United States and Canada, making it the fourth-highest grossing film at that time (behind only E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial, Star Wars IV: A New Hope, and Jurassic Park).[36][37] As of August 2010, the film is ranked as the 21st highest grossing domestic film and 41st worldwide.[37][38]

The film took 66 days to surpass $250 million and was the fastest grossing Paramount film to pass $100 million, $200 million, and $300 million in box office receipts (at the time of its release).[39][40][41] The film had gross receipts of $329,694,499 in the U.S. and Canada and $347,693,217 in international markets for a total of $677,387,716 worldwide.[1]

Home media

Forrest Gump was first released on VHS on April 27, 1995, before being released on a two-disc DVD on August 28, 2001. Special features included director and producer commentaries, production featurettes, and screen tests.[42] The film was released on Blu-ray in November 2009.[43]

Accolades

In addition to the following list of awards and nominations, the film was recognized by the American Film Institute on several of its lists. The film ranks 37th on 100 Years... 100 Cheers, 71st on 100 Years... 100 Movies, and 76th on 100 Years... 100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition). In addition, the quote "Mama always said life was like a box of chocolates. You never know what you're gonna get." was ranked 40th on 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes.[44]

Award Category Nominee Result
67th Academy Awards Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role[45] Tom Hanks Won
Best Director[45] Robert Zemeckis Won
Best Film Editing[45] Arthur Schmidt Won
Best Picture[45] Wendy Finerman, Steve Starkey, and Steve Tisch Won
Best Visual Effects[45] Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Allen Hall, and Stephen Rosenbaum Won
Best Adapted Screenplay[45] Eric Roth Won
Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role[46] Gary Sinise Nominated
Best Achievement in Art Direction[46] Rick Carter and Nancy Haigh Nominated
Best Achievement in Cinematography[46] Don Burgess Nominated
Best Makeup[46] Daniel C. Striepeke and Hallie D'Amore Nominated
Best Original Score[46] Alan Silvestri Nominated
Best Sound Mixing[46] Randy Thom, Tom Johnson, Dennis S. Sands, and William B. Kaplan Nominated
Best Sound Editing[46] Gloria S. Borders and Randy Thom Nominated
1995 Saturn Awards Best Supporting Actor (Film)[47] Gary Sinise Won
Best Fantasy Film[48] Won
Best Actor (Film)[49] Tom Hanks Nominated
Best Music[49] Alan Silvestri Nominated
Best Special Effects[49] Ken Ralston Nominated
Best Writing[49] Eric Roth Nominated
1995 Amanda Awards Best Film (International)[50] Won
1995 American Cinema Editors Best Edited Feature Film[51] Arthur Schmidt Won
1995 American Comedy Awards Funniest Actor in a Motion Picture (Leading Role)[52] Tom Hanks Won
1995 American Society of Cinematographers Outstanding Achievement in Cinematography in Theatrical Releases[53] Don Burgess Nominated
1995 BAFTA Film Awards Outstanding Achievement in Special Effects[54] Ken Ralston, George Murphy, Stephen Rosenbaum, Doug Chiang, and Allen Hall Won
Best Actor in a Leading Role[54] Tom Hanks Nominated
Best Actress in a Supporting Role[54] Sally Field Nominated
Best Film[54] Wendy Finerman, Steve Tisch, Steve Starkey, and Robert Zemeckis Nominated
Best Cinematography[54] Don Burgess Nominated
David Lean Award for Direction[54] Robert Zemeckis Nominated
Best Editing[54] Arthur Schmidt Nominated
Best Adapted Screenplay[54] Eric Roth Nominated
1995 Casting Society of America Best Casting for Feature Film, Drama[55] Ellen Lewis Nominated
1995 Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Actor[56] Tom Hanks Won
1995 Directors Guild of America Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures[57] Robert Zemeckis, Charles Newirth, Bruce Moriarity, Cherylanne Martin, and Dana J. Kuznetzkoff Won
1995 Golden Globe Awards Best Actor – Motion Picture Drama[58] Tom Hanks Won
Best Director – Motion Picture[58] Robert Zemeckis Won
Best Motion Picture – Drama[58] Wendy Finerman Won
Best Supporting Actor – Motion Picture[58] Gary Sinise Nominated
Best Supporting Actress – Motion Picture[58] Robin Wright Penn Nominated
Best Original Score[58] Alan Silvestri Nominated
Best Screenplay – Motion Picture[58] Eric Roth Nominated
1995 MTV Movie Awards Best Breakthrough Performance[59] Mykelti Williamson Nominated
Best Male Performance[59] Tom Hanks Nominated
Best Movie[59] Nominated
1995 Motion Picture Sound Editors (Golden Reel Award) Best Sound Editing[60] Won
1994 National Board of Review of Motion Pictures Best Actor[61] Tom Hanks Won
Best Supporting Actor[61] Gary Sinise Won
Best Picture[61] Won
1995 PGA Golden Laurel Awards Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award[62] Wendy Finerman, Steve Tisch, Steve Starkey, Charles Newirth Won
1995 People's Choice Awards Favorite All-Around Motion Picture[63] Won
Favorite Dramatic Motion Picture[63] Won
Favorite Actor in a Dramatic Motion Picture[63] Tom Hanks Won
1995 Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role[64] Tom Hanks Won
Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role[65] Gary Sinise Nominated
Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Supporting Role[65] Sally Field and Robin Wright Penn Nominated
1995 Writers Guild of America Awards Best Screenplay Adapted from Another Medium[66] Eric Roth Won
1995 Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actor 10 or Younger[67] Haley Joel Osment Won
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actress 10 or Younger[67] Hanna R. Hall Won
Best Performance in a Feature Film – Young Actor Co-Starring[67] Michael Conner Humphreys Nominated
2005 American Film Institute 100 Years... 100 Movie Quotes Mama always said "Life is like a box of chocolates: You never know what you're gonna get". Ranked 40th

Author controversy

Winston Groom was paid $350,000 for the screenplay rights to his novel Forrest Gump and was contracted for a 3% share of the film's net profits.[68] However, Paramount and the film's producers did not pay him, using Hollywood accounting to posit that the blockbuster film lost money—a claim belied by the fact that Tom Hanks contracted for the film's gross receipts instead of a salary, and he and director Zemeckis each netted $40 million.[68][69] Additionally, Groom was not mentioned once in any of the film's six Oscar-winner speeches.[70]

Symbolism

Feather

"I don't want to sound like a bad version of 'the child within'. But the childlike innocence of Forrest Gump is what we all once had. It's an emotional journey. You laugh and cry. It does what movies are suppose to do: make you feel alive."

—producer Wendy Finerman[30]

Various interpretations have been suggested for the feather present at the opening and conclusion of the film. Sarah Lyall of The New York Times noted several opinions that were made about the feather: "Does the white feather symbolize the unbearable lightness of being? Forrest Gump's impaired intellect? The randomness of experience?"[71] Hanks interpreted the feather as: "Our destiny is only defined by how we deal with the chance elements to our life and that's kind of the embodiment of the feather as it comes in. Here is this thing that can land anywhere and that it lands at your feet. It has theological implications that are really huge."[72] Sally Field compared the feather to fate, saying: "It blows in the wind and just touches down here or there. Was it planned or was it just perchance?"[73] Visual effects supervisor Ken Ralston compared the feather to an abstract painting: "It can mean so many things to so many different people."[74]

Political interpretations

In Tom Hanks' words, "The film is non-political and thus non-judgmental".[30] Nevertheless, in 1994, CNN's Crossfire debated whether the film promoted conservative values or was an indictment of the counterculture movement of the 1960s. Thomas Byers, in a Modern Fiction Studies article, called the film "an aggressively conservative film".[75]

"...all over the political map, people have been calling Forrest their own. But, Forrest Gump isn't about politics or conservative values. It's about humanity, it's about respect, tolerance and unconditional love."

—producer Steve Tisch[75]

It has been noted that while Gump follows a very conservative lifestyle, Curran's life is full of countercultural embrace, complete with drug usage and antiwar rallies, and that their eventual marriage might be a kind of tongue-in-cheek reconciliation.[24] Jennifer Hyland Wang argued in a Cinema Journal article that Curran's death to an unnamed virus "...symbolizes the death of liberal America and the death of the protests that defined a decade [1960s]." She also notes that the film's screenwriter Eric Roth, when developing the screenplay from the novel, had "...transferred all of Gump's flaws and most of the excesses committed by Americans in the '60s and '70s to her [Curran]."[31]

Other commentators believe that the film forecast the 1994 Republican Revolution and used the image of Forrest Gump to promote his traditional, conservative values.[76] Wang argued that the film was used by Republican politicians to illustrate a "traditional version of recent history" to gear voters towards their ideology for the congressional elections.[31] In addition, presidential candidate Bob Dole cited the film's message in influencing his campaign due to its "...message that has made [the film] one of Hollywood's all-time greatest box office hits: no matter how great the adversity, the American Dream is within everybody's reach."[31]

In 1995, National Review included Forrest Gump in its list of the "Best 100 Conservative Movies" of all time.[77] Then, in 2009, the magazine ranked the film number four on its 25 Best Conservative Movies of the Last 25 Years list.[78] "Tom Hanks plays the title character, an amiable dunce who is far too smart to embrace the lethal values of the 1960s. The love of his life, wonderfully played by Robin Wright Penn, chooses a different path; she becomes a drug-addled hippie, with disastrous results."[78]

Others have interpreted the movie as adding to a discourse of race through the changing contours of white power and privilege during the civil rights era. From the standpoint that studies of whiteness work to dislodge whites from positions of power, Robyn Weigman has argued that Forrest Gump is a "filmic celebration of fundamental white goodness."[79] For example, when George Wallace fails to keep blacks out of the University of Alabama, Gump "symbolically joins the students when he retrieves one of their dropped books," though it is an innocent gesture. His innocent alignment with desegregation coupled with his attributes as a quintessential white—his name being that of Bedford Forrest, Ku Klux Klan leader—leads Weigman to conclude that the movie works to split "whiteness" from the white body, as "white power and privilege are displaced from any inherent relation--historically, ideologically, politically--to white skin."

Soundtrack

The 32-song soundtrack from the film was released on July 6, 1994. The soundtrack includes songs from Elvis Presley, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Aretha Franklin, Lynyrd Skynyrd, Three Dog Night, The Doors, The Mamas And The Papas, The Doobie Brothers, Bob Seger, and Buffalo Springfield, among others. Music producer Joel Sill reflected on compiling the soundtrack: "We wanted to have very recognizable material that would pinpoint time periods, yet we didn't want to interfere with what was happening cinematically."[80] The two-disc album has a variety of music from the 1950s–1980s performed by American artists. According to Sills, this was due to Zemeckis' request, "All the material in there is American. Bob (Zemeckis) felt strongly about it. He felt that Forrest wouldn't buy anything but American."[80]

The soundtrack reached a peak of second place on the Billboard charts.[80] The soundtrack went on to sell twelve million copies, and is one of the top selling albums in the United States.[81] The score for the film was composed and conducted by Alan Silvestri and released on August 2, 1994.

Restaurant

A two-story building has the sign "Bubba Gump Shrimp Co" on the front. Several people are in front of the building, and in the foreground is a paved road with some flowers on the left. Palm trees are located in front of the building and in the background there is blue, slightly cloudy skies.
A Bubba Gump restaurant in Long Beach, California in November 2007

The film inspired a seafood restaurant called Bubba Gump Shrimp Company, named for the shrimping company formed by Gump in the film, named for himself and his friend, Bubba. The first restaurant opened in 1996 in Monterey, California, and has since branched out to over 30 other cities in the U.S., Indonesia and other countries.[82] The restaurants' design feature memorabilia from the film. Licensed merchandise is sold at the restaurants.[83]

Sequel

A screenplay based on the original novel's sequel, Gump and Co., was written by Eric Roth in 2001. Roth's script began with Forrest sitting on a bench waiting for his son to return from school. After the September 11 attacks, Roth, Zemeckis, and Hanks decided the story was no longer "relevant".[84] In March 2007, however, it was reported that Paramount producers took another look at the screenplay.[85]

In the very first page of the sequel novel, Forrest Gump tells readers "Don't never let nobody make a movie of your life's story," though "Whether they get it right or wrong, it don't matter."[86] The first chapter of the book suggests that the real life events surrounding the film have been incorporated into Forrest's storyline, and that Forrest got a lot of media attention as a result of the film.[13] During the course of the sequel novel, Gump runs into Tom Hanks, and at the end of the novel is the film's release, including Gump going on The David Letterman Show and attending the Academy Awards. It is mentioned Hanks plays Gump, and Forrest seems to have a positive view of the film.

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 "Forrest Gump (1994)". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=forrestgump.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  2. ↑ Forbes staff (February 25, 2009). "Star Misses – 4) Forrest Gump Starring ... John Travolta". Forbes. http://www.forbes.com/2009/02/25/nicole-kidman-gwyneth-paltrow-kate-winslet-business-media_star_misses_slide_5.html?thisSpeed=30000. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Wiser, Paige (December 17, 2006). "Might-have-beens who (thankfully) weren't: The wacky world of Hollywood's strangest casting calls" (Fee required). Chicago Sun-Times. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=CSTB&p_theme=cstb&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=1161512A55EF6310&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Mal, Vincent (July 6, 1994). "Show Some Gumption Hanks Excels in Tale of a Simple Man's Brushes with Fame" (Fee required). The Virginian-Pilot. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=VP&p_theme=vp&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EAFF785EECC284D&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  5. ↑ Grant, James (July 6, 1994). "Looking to Make All the Wright Moves Movies: Robin Wright, now starring in 'Forrest Gump,' tries to juggle family life and rising fame on the big screen" (Fee required). Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/59624288.html?dids=59624288:59624288&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+06%2C+1994&author=JAMES+GRANT&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Looking+to+Make+All+the+Wright+Moves+Movies%3A+Robin+Wright%2C+now+starring+in+%60Forrest+Gump%2C%27+tries+to+juggle+family+life+and+rising+fame+on+the+big+screen.&pqatl=google. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  6. ↑ Daly, Sean (September 15, 1997). "Mykelti Williamson says 'Forrest Gump' role nearly ruined his acting career". Jet (FindArticles). http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1355/is_n17_v92/ai_19783689/. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  7. ↑ Boucher, Geoff (March 26, 2000). "On the Trail of a Hollywood Hyphenate; Rapper/Actor/Writer/Producer/Director. Is There Room For Anything Else on Ice Cube's Resume?". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/2000/mar/26/magazine/tm-12661. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  8. ↑ Wuntch, Philip (July 18, 1994). "In character – Sally Field finding the good roles" (Fee required). San Antonio Express-News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&p_theme=saec&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F223282B1F7BF2A&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  9. ↑ Daly, Sean (July 1, 2001). "Haley Joel Osment on Robots and Reality" (Fee required). The Buffalo News. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=BN&p_theme=bn&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0ED0BE811A53FD6B&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  10. ↑ Eler, Robert K. (January 22, 2009). "598-page encyclopedia covers a whole lot of Elvis" (Fee required). Arkansas Democrat Gazette. http://www.arkansasonline.com/news/2009/jan/22/598-page-encyclopedia-covers-whole-lot-el-20090122/?print. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  11. ↑ Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-John Lennon with Dick Cavett). [DVD]. Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Mills, Bart (July 8, 1994). "In 'Forrest Gump,' Historical Figures Speak for Themselves" (Fee required). Chicago Tribune. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24184772.html?dids=24184772:24184772&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jul+08%2C+1994&author=Bart+Mills.+Special+to+the+Tribune.&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=IN+%60FORREST+GUMP%2C%27+HISTORICAL+FIGURES+SPEAK+FOR+THEMSELVES&pqatl=google. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 Delarte, Alonso (February 2004). "Movies By The Book: Forrest Gump" (PDF). Bob's Poetry Magazine: p. 24. http://bobspoetry.com/Bobs01Fe.pdf. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  14. ↑ Plume, Kenneth (August 24, 2005). "Gilliam on Grimm". IGN. p. 3. http://movies.ign.com/articles/644/644724p1.html. Retrieved July 3, 2009. 
  15. ↑ Fretts, Bruce (November 3, 1995). "Get Barry". Entertainment Weekly: p. 2. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,299341,00.html. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  16. ↑ McKenna, Kristine (December 19, 1993). "He's Serious About This One For Tom Hanks, it's been a long ride from 'Splash' to 'Philadelphia,' in which the likable comedy actor plays an AIDS patient who's fired from his job" (Fee required). Los Angeles Times. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/latimes/access/60281832.html?dids=60281832:60281832&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Dec+19%2C+1993&author=KRISTINE+McKENNA&pub=Los+Angeles+Times+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=Cover+Story+He%27s+Serious+About+This+One+For+Tom+Hanks%2C+it%27s+been+a+long+ride+from+%60Splash%27+to+%60Philadelphia%2C%27+in+which+the+likable+comedy+actor+plays+an+AIDS+patient+who%27s+fired+from+his+job.+What+made+him+take+the+leap%3F+It+has+a+lot+to+do+with+what+he%27s+done+so+far%2C+the+times+and%2C+well%2C+life&pqatl=google. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Forrest Gump-(Building the World of Gump: Production Design). [DVD]. Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. 
  18. ↑ Forrest Gump-(Through the eyes of Forrest Gump). [DVD]. Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. Event occurs at 12:29. 
  19. ↑ Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-Vietnam). [DVD]. Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. 
  20. ↑ Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-Lt. Dan's Legs). [DVD]. Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Forrest Gump-(Seeing is Believing: The Visual Effects of Forrest Gump-Enhancing Reality). [DVD]. Paramount Pictures. August 28, 2001. 
  22. ↑ "Forrest Gump". Rotten Tomatoes. http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/forrest_gump/. Retrieved May 29, 2010. 
  23. ↑ "Forrest Gump". MetaCritic. http://www.metacritic.com/video/titles/forrestgump?q=Forrest%20Gump. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Ebert, Roger (July 6, 1994). "Forrest Gump". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/19940706/REVIEWS/407060301/1023. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  25. ↑ McCarthy, Todd (July 11, 1994). "Forrest Gump". Variety. http://www.variety.com/index.asp?layout=Variety100&reviewid=VE1117487968&content=jump&jump=review&category=1935&cs=1. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  26. ↑ Lane, Anthony. "Forrest Gump". The New Yorker. http://www.newyorker.com/arts/reviews/film/forrest_gump_zemeckis. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  27. ↑ Gleiberman, Owen (July 15, 1994). "Forrest Gump (1994)". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,302943,00.html. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  28. ↑ Hinson, Hal (August 14, 1994). "Forrest Gump, Our National Folk Zero". The Washington Post. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/style/longterm/movies/review97/fforrestgump1.htm. Retrieved July 3, 2009. 
  29. ↑ Rich, Frank (July 21, 1994). "The Gump From Hope". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/21/opinion/journal-the-gump-from-hope.html. Retrieved July 3, 2009. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Corliss, Richard; Julie Grace and Martha Smilgis (August 1, 1994). "The World According to Gump". Time: pp. 1–3. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,981196-2,00.html. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 Wang, Jennifer Hyland (Spring 2000). ""A Struggle of Contending Stories": Race, Gender, and Political Memory in Forrest Gump" (PDF). Cinema Journal 39 (3): 92–102. doi:10.1353/cj.2000.0009. http://proquest.umi.com.libproxy.sdsu.edu/pqdweb?index=0&did=1068720901&SrchMode=2&sid=1&Fmt=6&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1246568407&clientId=17862. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  32. ↑ Travers, Peter (December 8, 2000). "Forrest Gump". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on June 22, 2008. http://web.archive.org/web/20080622125023/http://www.rollingstone.com/reviews/movie/5948073/review/5948074/forrest_gump. Retrieved July 3, 2009. 
  33. ↑ Burr, Ty (June 20, 1994). "Loss of innocence: 'Forrest Gump' at 10". The Boston Globe. http://www.boston.com/news/globe/living/articles/2004/06/20/loss_of_innocence_forrest_gump_at_10/. Retrieved July 3, 2009. 
  34. ↑ Vincenti, Marc (August 1994). "Forrest Gump". Palo Alto Weekly. http://www.paloaltoonline.com/movies/reviews/Forrest-Gump?review_id=655. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
  35. ↑ Bal, Sumeet; Marc Bernardin, Monica Mehta, Joshua Rich, Erin Richter, Michael Sauter, Missy Schwartz, and Nancy Sidewater (January 9, 2004). "Cry Hard 2 The Readers Strike Back". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,570497,00.html. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Forrest Gump Weekend Box Office". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=weekend&id=forrestgump.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 "All Time Box Office Domestic Grosses". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/domestic.htm. Retrieved July 13, 2009. 
  38. ↑ "All Time Box Office Worldwide Grosses". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/world/. Retrieved July 13, 2009. 
  39. ↑ "Fastest to $100 Million". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/fastest.htm?page=100&p=.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  40. ↑ "Fastest to $200 Million". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/fastest.htm?page=200&p=.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  41. ↑ "Fastest to $300 Million". Box Office Mojo. http://www.boxofficemojo.com/alltime/fastest.htm?page=300&p=.htm. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
  42. ↑ Lowman, Rob (August 28, 2001). "Video Enchanted Forrest the Much-beloved "Forrest Gump" Arrives on DVD with Sweetness Intact" (Fee required). Beacon Journal. http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=LA&p_theme=la&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0EE3576468090812&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
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  44. ↑ "AFI's 100 Years... The Complete Lists". American Film Institute. http://connect.afi.com/site/PageServer?pagename=100YearsList. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 45.5 Grimes, William (March 28, 1995). "'Forrest Gump' Triumphs With 6 Academy Awards". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/1995/03/28/movies/forrest-gump-triumphs-with-6-academy-awards.html. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
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  47. ↑ "Past Saturn Awards – Best Supporting Actor". Saturn Awards. http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#filmsuportactror. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  48. ↑ "Past Saturn Awards – Best Fantasy Film". Saturn Awards. http://www.saturnawards.org/past.html#fantasy. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
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  52. ↑ Bates, James (March 27, 1995). "What the Oscar Hath Wrought Once there was just one awards show in Hollywood. Now, money, marketing and ego have fueled a plethora of prizes. Some fear overkill.". Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1995-03-27/news/mn-47651_1_award-show. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  53. ↑ "9th Annual ASC Awards — 1994 – Theatrical Release". American Society of Cinematographers. http://www.ascmag.com/news/awards/awards_history.php#1994. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
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  55. ↑ "Artios Award Winners". Casting Society of America. http://www.castingsociety.com/component/content/article/42-artios-awards/80-previous-artios-award-winners#1995. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
  56. ↑ "Chicago Film Critics Give 'Hoop Dreams' and Hanks Top Honors" (Fee required). Chicago Tribune. Tribune Wires. March 14, 1995. http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/20947290.html?dids=20947290:20947290&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Mar+14%2C+1995&author=From+Tribune+Wires.&pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&desc=CHICAGO+FILM+CRITICS+GIVE+%60HOOP+DREAMS%27+AND+HANKS+TOP+HONORS&pqatl=google. Retrieved June 13, 2010. 
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  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 "Sixteenth Annual Youth in Film Awards 1993–1994". Young Artist Awards. http://www.youngartistawards.org/pastnoms16.htm. Retrieved July 2, 2009. 
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  69. ↑ Davis, Charles E. (Summer 1997). "Accounting is like a box of chocolates: A lesson in cost behavior". Journal of Accounting Education 15 (3): 307–318. doi:10.1016/S0748-5751(97)00008-0. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VDD-3SX25BS-2&_user=10&_rdoc=1&_fmt=&_orig=search&_sort=d&view=c&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=268e0c40e03183c434a7233c91814120. Retrieved July 1, 2009. 
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  86. ↑ Groom, Winston (1996). Gump & Co.. Pocket Books. p. 1. ISBN 0671522647. 

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